DBMS Architecture

DBMS Architecture 

The design of a Database Management System highly depends on its architecture. It can be centralized or decentralized or hierarchical. DBMS architecture can be seen as single tier or multi tier. n-tier architecture divides the whole system into related but independent n modules, which can be independently modified, altered, changed or replaced. In 1-tier architecture, DBMS is the only entity where user directly sits on DBMS and uses it. Any changes done here will directly be done on DBMS itself. It does not provide handy tools for end users and preferably database designer and programmers use single tier architecture. If the architecture of DBMS is 2-tier then must have some application, which uses the DBMS. Programmers use 2-tier architecture where they access DBMS by means of application. Here application tier is entirely independent of database in term of operation, design and programming.

3-tier architecture 

Most widely used architecture is 3-tier architecture. 3-tier architecture separates it tier from each other on basis of users. It is described as follows:

 Database (Data) Tier: At this tier, only database resides. Database along with its query processing languages sits in layer-3 of 3-tier architecture. It also contains all relations and their constraints.
 Application (Middle) Tier: At this tier the application server and program, which access database, resides. For a user this application tier works as abstracted view of database. Users are unaware of any existence of database beyond application. For database-tier, application tier is the user of it. Database tier is not aware of any other user beyond application tier. This tier works as mediator between the two.
 User (Presentation) Tier: An end user sits on this tier. From a user’s aspect this tier is everything. He/she doesn't know about any existence or form of database beyond this layer. At this layer multiple views of database can be provided by the application.
All views are generated by applications, which reside in application tier. Multiple tier database architecture is highly modifiable as almost all its components are independent and can be changed independently

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Database is collection of data which is related by some aspect.

Database is collection of data which is related by some aspect.

 Data is collection of facts and figures which can be processed to produce information. Name of a student, age, class and her subjects can be counted as data for recording purposes. Mostly data represents recordable facts. Data aids in producing information which is based on facts. For example, if we have data about marks obtained by all students, we can then conclude about toppers and average marks etc. A database management system stores data, in such a way which is easier to retrieve, manipulate and helps to produce information. Characteristics Traditionally data was organized in file formats. DBMS was all new concepts then and all the research was done to make it to overcome all the deficiencies in traditional style of data management. Modern DBMS has the following characteristics:








 Real-world entity: Modern DBMS are more realistic and uses real world entities to design its architecture. It uses the behavior and attributes too. For example, a school database may use student as entity and their age as their attribute.
  Relation-based tables: DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form as tables. This eases the concept of data saving. A user can understand the architecture of database just by looking at table names etc.
  Isolation of data and application: A database system is entirely different than its data. Where database is said to active entity, data is said to be passive one on which the database works and organizes. DBMS also stores metadata which is data about data, to ease its own process.
  Less redundancy: DBMS follows rules of normalization, which splits a relation when any of its attributes is having redundancy in values. Following normalization, which itself is a mathematically rich and scientific process, make the entire database to contain as less redundancy as possible.
 Consistency: DBMS always enjoy the state on consistency where the previous form of data storing applications like file processing does not guarantee this. Consistency is a state where every relation in database remains consistent. There exist methods and techniques, which can detect attempt of leaving database in inconsistent state.

 Query Language: DBMS is equipped with query language, which makes it more efficient to retrieve and manipulate data. A user can apply as many and different filtering options, as he or she wants. Traditionally it was not possible where file-processing system was used.
  ACID Properties: DBMS follows the concepts for ACID properties, which stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability. These concepts are applied on transactions, which manipulate data in database. ACID properties maintains database in healthy state in multi-transactional environment and in case of failure.

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The INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

Introduction

 The INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

 services and IT enabled services (ITeS) industries in India have become highly visible nodes of the global economy, attracting substantial attention from international media and business interests as a prime destination for outsourcing and off shoring. The successes of these industries, as well as the recent anti-outsourcing backlash in the U.S. have produced a new global image of India as a rising economic power. It has also created the figures of the Indian ‘techie’ and call center agent as low cost (but ‘high quality’) technical workers who represent the main threat to American and European IT-related jobs in the current decade. IT has come to be regarded as a model for India’s future economic growth and development, based on the policies of liberalization and globalization. While much has been written about the history, growth and structure of India’s IT industry, there have been few critical analysis of its significance or implications for India’s overall social and economic development. There have been few sociological studies about the ‘work’ in these outsourcing industries, or of their most crucial ‘resource’, the workforce. IT has become the career option for many young educated Indians, for whom it offers salaries unknown in other sectors and an opportunity to live and work outside India. Software engineers, BPO workers, and others employed in IT- 3 related occupations constitute a new kind of workforce: they are highly educated, wellpaid, mobile, and closely linked into the global services economy. Work in IT industry is distinctive in that it is catering to the global market, and often performed ‘virtually’, giving rise to new kinds of workplaces, work cultures, and employment issues.





Before the economic liberalization policy of the Congress Government (1991) in India, the scenario in organizations was completely different from that which exists now in terms of stability of workforce. In the 50’s and 60s more government/semigovernment organizations and very few private players existed. People preferred to work in government/semi-government organizations, as it provided job security and quality of work life. Those who entered the job market often remained with one employer. In the 70’s and later, external mobility increased dramatically posing a great threat to the organizations. The government is also encouraging entrepreneurship, helping many domestic players also to enter the Indian market. Voluntary turnover has now increased drastically, as the Indian market is opened to foreign players as well. This situation has resulted in stiff competition for competent workforce. Poaching and job-hopping has become the order of the day. IT contributed a major share towards the GDP (6.4 percent in 2011) of India is faced with the challenge of retaining people as the attrition rate is high. In FY12, IT industry has witnessed an average attrition rate of 17-25 percent as compared to other sectors in India like manufacturing, banking etc., which is about 8 percent. It was also observed that the attrition has dipped down in FY12 from FY11 (55-60 percent)according to a recent industry specific research carried out by the Associated Chambers Of Commerce and industry of India (ASSOCHAM).

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Wireless network

 Wireless network

We next present the wireless simulation of 16.6 Wireless Simulation. The full script is at wireless.cc; the animation output for the netanim player is at wireless.xml. As before, we have one mover node moving horizontally150metersabovearowoffivefixednodesspaced200metersapart. Thelimitoftransmissionis settobe250meters,meaningthatafixednodegoesoutofrangeofthe mover nodejustasthelatterpasses over directly above the next fixed node. As before, we use Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) as the routing protocol. When the mover passes over fixed node N, it goes out of range of fixed node N-1, at which point AODV finds a new route to mover through fixed node N.








The phyMode string represents the Wi-Fi data rate (and modulation technique). DSSS rates are DsssRate1Mbps, DsssRate2Mbps, DsssRate5_5Mbps and DsssRate11Mbps. Also available are ErpOfdmRate constants to 54 Mbps and OfdmRate constants to 150 Mbps with a 40 MHz bandwidth (GetOfdmRate150MbpsBW40MHz). All these are defined in src/wifi/model/wifi-phy.cc.

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