What is a cell phone?
Cell phones are defined as sophisticated radios.
They are a type of wireless communication device that uses many small cells
with a base station and a cell phone tower at the center of each cell. These
cells have extensive frequencies that allow thousands of people to use cell
phones at the same time. In this process, cellular calls are transferred from
base station to base station as a user travels from cell to cell. For example, if
you were traveling from a place to another place, your call would be
transferred from several based stations along the way. Cellular phones use a
short-wave analog or digital telecommunication in which a subscriber has a
wireless connection from a mobile telephone to a relatively nearby transmitter
and receiver in the base station. (searchnetworking.techtarget.com)
HOW CELL PHONE WORK
The major component of the cell phone system is the cell. The cell
phone system divides an area of service into a set of cells on what might look
like a hexagonal grid. A phone tower or base station in the center of the cell
covers an area of 2 or 3 square miles around the tower. Cell phones transmit to
towers, which then connects you to the normal land based telephone system to
route the call. In other words, a handoff has to happen when you move from
one cell to another. A typical large city has hundreds of towers and each
carrier in each city runs what is called a central office, known as the Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). For example, as you drive from one
city to another every couple of miles, the system hands off to another cell.
You don't realize that is happening because it is not noticeable. Let us look at
what happens when someone calls you. ( howstuffworks.com )
First, when you power up the phone, it listens for special frequencies
(control channel) that the phone and tower use to talk to one another. If there
are no control channels, the phone displays a message no service, because it
knows it is out of range. Second, the phone transmits a registration request, so
that the MTSO keeps track of your phone location in the data base. It is
important for the MTSO to know which cell you are in when it wants to ring
your phone. Third, the MTSO gets the call, and it tries to find you by looking
into the database to see which cell you are in. Fourth, the MTSO chooses a
frequency pair that your phone will use in that cell to take the call. Fifth, the
MTSO communicates with your phone over the control channel to tell it what frequencies to use and when your phone and the tower switch on those
frequencies, you are connected and talking. And sixth, as you move toward
the edge of the cell, the cell tower notes a diminishing signal. The diminishing
signal indicates that it is time for the control channel to hands off you to the
next cell.
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